ebab7d0da53c51438720d60c6e2e467c - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Comprehensive school</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Comprehensive school</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

</p>

<p>A <b>comprehensive school</b> is a <a href="Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a> for pupils aged 11–16 or 11–18, that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, in contrast to a <a href="Selective_school" title="Selective school">selective school</a> system where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria, usually academic performance. The term is commonly used in relation to <a href="England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, where comprehensive schools were introduced as <a href="State_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="State schools">state schools</a> on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965.

</p><p>About 90% of English secondary school pupils attend such schools (academy schools, community schools, faith schools, foundation schools, free schools, studio schools, university technical colleges, state boarding schools, City Technology Colleges, etc). Specialist schools may however select up to 10% of their intake for aptitude in their specialism. A school may have a few specialisms, like arts (media, performing arts, visual arts), business and enterprise, engineering, humanities, languages, mathematics, computing, music, science, sports, and technology. They are not permitted to select on academic ability generally.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>They may be part of a <a href="Local_education_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local education authority">local education authority</a> or be a <a href="Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">self governing academy</a> or part of a <a href="Multi-academy_trust" title="Multi-academy trust">multi-academy trust</a>. Comprehensive schools correspond broadly to the <a href="State_school" title="State school">public school</a> in the United States, Canada and Australia.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Comprehensive_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Comprehensive school (England and Wales)">Comprehensive school (England and Wales)</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description">Description</h3></div>

<p>Comprehensive schools provide an <a href="National_Curriculum_for_England" title="National Curriculum for England">entitlement curriculum</a> to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less common or non-existent in <a href="Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a>. Providing post-16 education cost-effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools, because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students. This is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11–16 schools, with the post-16 provision provided by <a href="Sixth_form" title="Sixth form">sixth form colleges</a> and <a href="Further_education" title="Further education">further education colleges.</a> Comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. In addition, government initiatives such as the <a href="City_Technology_College" title="City Technology College">City Technology Colleges</a> and <a href="Specialist_schools_programme" title="Specialist schools programme">specialist schools programmes</a> have expanded the comprehensive model. <a href="City_Technology_College" title="City Technology College">City Technology Colleges</a> are independent schools in urban areas that are free to go to. They're funded by central government with company contributions and emphasise teaching science and technology.

</p>

<p>English secondary schools are mostly comprehensive (i.e. no entry exam), although the intake of comprehensive schools can vary widely, especially in urban areas with several local schools. Nearly 90% of state-funded secondary schools are <a href="Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">specialist schools</a>, receiving extra funding to develop one or more subjects (performing arts, business, humanities, art and design, languages, science, mathematics, technology, engineering, sports, etc.) in which the school specialises, which can select up to 10% of their intake for aptitude in the specialism. In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. In the <a href="Selective_school" title="Selective school">selective school</a> system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria, most commonly a cognitive test or tests.

</p><p>Most comprehensives are <a href="Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a> for children between the ages of 11 and 16, but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools, and in some places the secondary level is divided into two, for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18, roughly corresponding to the US <a href="Middle_school#Canada_and_the_United_States" title="Middle school">middle school</a> (or junior high school) and high school, respectively. With the advent of Key Stages in the National Curriculum some local authorities reverted from the Middle School system to 11–16 and 11–18 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another. In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as "neighbourhood" schools for all students in a specified catchment area.

</p><p><a href="Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths free schools</a> like <a href="Exeter_Mathematics_School" title="Exeter Mathematics School">Exeter Mathematics School</a> are for 16 to 19 year old pupils who have a great aptitude for maths. As set out in the government's Industrial Strategy, maths schools help to encourage highly skilled graduates in sectors that depend on science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) skills. The aim of maths schools is to prepare the most mathematically able pupils to succeed in mathematics-related disciplines at university and pursue mathematically intensive careers. Maths schools can also be centres of excellence in raising attainment, supporting and influencing the teaching of mathematics in their surrounding area, and are central to their associated universities' widening participation commitments.

</p><p>Technical and vocational education in comprehensive schools may be introduced during the secondary school years and this may later progress into <a href="Further_education" title="Further education">further</a> and <a href="Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>. Further education incorporates a combination of vocational oriented education and general secondary education. Students may also opt to enroll at a <a href="Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">sixth form college</a> or <a href="Further_Education_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Further Education College">further education college</a> to prepare themselves for a wide curriculum or apprenticeships, study, and national vocational awards. Major provider of vocational qualifications in England include the <a href="Business_and_Technology_Education_Council" title="Business and Technology Education Council">Business and Technology Education Council</a> (BTEC), <a href="City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute" title="City and Guilds of London Institute">City and Guilds of London Institute</a>, <a href="National_Vocational_Qualification" title="National Vocational Qualification">National Vocational Qualifications</a> (NVQs), and <a href="Edexcel" title="Edexcel">Edexcel</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div>

<p>The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. A central feature of the <a href="London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a> (LCC) Schools Plan of 1947 was a proposal to establish 'a system of Comprehensive High

Schools'.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Earlier in 1946 <a href="Walworth_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Walworth School">Walworth School</a> was an 'experimental' comprehensive school set up by the LCC,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although London's first purpose built comprehensive was <a href="Kidbrooke_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidbrooke School">Kidbrooke School</a> built in 1954. Also in 1946 the <a href="The_Lakes_School" title="The Lakes School">Windermere Grammar School</a> though retaining the name became a (boys') comprehensive.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the <a href="Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, (a Crown dependency and not part of the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) comprehensive education was also introduced in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Mellow_Lane_School" title="Mellow Lane School">Mellow Lane School</a> a co-educational comprehensive school was established in 1948 in <a href="Hayes%2C_Hillingdon" title="Hayes, Hillingdon">Hayes</a> then part of the former county of <a href="Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>. In Wales the first comprehensive school was <a href="Holyhead_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Holyhead High School">Holyhead County School</a> in <a href="Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-chts26_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chts26-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coventry opened two comprehensive schools in 1954 by combining <a href="Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a> and <a href="Secondary_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary modern">secondary modern</a> schools. These were <a href="Caludon_Castle_School" title="Caludon Castle School">Caludon Castle School</a> and <a href="Woodlands_Academy%2C_Coventry" title="Woodlands Academy, Coventry">Woodlands School</a>. <a href="Mount_Grace_School" title="Mount Grace School">Mount Grace School</a>, Potters Bar which opened in 1954 was purpose-built as a comprehensive. Another early example was the 1956 <a href="Ormiston_Sandwell_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ormiston Sandwell Academy">Tividale Comprehensive School</a> in <a href="Tipton" title="Tipton">Tipton</a>. The first, purpose-built comprehensive in the North of England was <a href="Colne_Valley_High_School" title="Colne Valley High School">Colne Valley High School</a> near Huddersfield in 1956. These early comprehensives mostly modelled themselves, in terms of ethos, on the <a href="Grammar_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammar schools in the United Kingdom">grammar school</a>, with gown-wearing teachers conducting lessons in a very formal style. The opening of <a href="Risinghill_School" title="Risinghill School">Risinghill School</a> in <a href="Islington" title="Islington">Islington</a> in 1960 offered an alternative to this model. Embracing the <a href="Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> ideals of 1960s education, such schools typically abandoned <a href="School_corporal_punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="School corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> and brought in a more liberal attitude to discipline and methods of study.

</p>

<p>The largest expansion of comprehensive schools resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by <a href="Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a>, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964–1970 <a href="Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government. The policy decision was implemented by <a href="Circular_10/65" title="Circular 10/65">Circular 10/65</a>, a request to local education authorities to plan for conversion from the prevailing <a href="Tripartite_System_of_education_in_England%2C_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland" title="Tripartite System of education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland">tripartite</a> system. Following the post WW2 education reform introducing tripartite secondary education pupils, excepting those in areas with the early comprehensives, sat the <a href="11%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="11+">11+</a> examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a <a href="Secondary_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary modern">secondary modern</a>, <a href="Secondary_technical" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary technical">secondary technical</a> or <a href="Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a> depending on their perceived ability. Secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places, which varied between 15% and 25% of total secondary places.

</p><p>In 1970, <a href="Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, the Secretary of State for Education in the new <a href="Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> government, ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert. However, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Thatcher than any other education secretary. By 1975, the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the <a href="Eleven-Plus_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleven-Plus exam">11-Plus</a> examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period, many <a href="Secondary_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary modern">secondary modern</a> schools and <a href="Grammar_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammar schools">grammar schools</a> were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. In the mid-1970s, the process of comprehensivisation peaked, leaving selective secondary state education (grammar schools, secondary modern schools, 11+) only with a small number of local education authorities.

</p><p>In 1976, the Labour Prime Minister <a href="James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a> launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on to list the areas he believed needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspections, and the future of the <a href="Examination_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Examination system">examination system</a>. Comprehensive schools remain the most common type of state <a href="Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a> in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies by region.

</p><p>Since the 1988 <a href="Education_Reform_Act_1988" title="Education Reform Act 1988">Education Reform Act</a>, parents have a right to choose to which school their child should go, or whether to not send them to school at all and to <a href="Home_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Home education in the United Kingdom">home educate</a> them instead. The concept of "school choice" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original "neighbourhood comprehensive" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a quasi-market incentive to encourage better schools. Both Conservative and Labour governments experimented with alternatives to the original neighbourhood comprehensive.<sup id="cite_ref-chts26_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chts26-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Experiments have included:

</p>

<ul><li>Partnerships where successful schools share knowledge and best practice with nearby schools</li>

<li>Federations of schools, where a partnership is formalised through joint governance arrangements</li>

<li><a href="City_Technology_College" title="City Technology College">City Technology Colleges</a>, 15 new schools where one fifth of the capital cost is privately funded</li>

<li><a href="Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy schools</a>, state schools not controlled by the local authority, which are allowed to select up to 10% of admissions by ability</li>

<li><a href="Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free schools</a>, state schools not controlled by the local authority, which are allowed to select up to 10% of admissions by ability</li></ul>

<p>Following the advice of <a href="Cyril_Taylor_(educationist)" title="Cyril Taylor (educationist)">Cyril Taylor</a>, former businessman, Conservative politician, and chairman of the Specialist Schools and Academies Trust (SSAT), in the mid-1990s, all parties have backed the creation of <a href="Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">specialist schools</a>, which focus on excellence in a particular subject and are theoretically allowed to select up to 10% of their intake. This policy consensus had brought to an end the notion that all children will go to their local school, and assumes parents will choose a school they feel most meets their child's needs.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curriculum">Curriculum</h3></div>

<p>All maintained schools in England are required to follow the <a href="National_Curriculum_for_England" title="National Curriculum for England">National Curriculum</a>, which is made up of twelve subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-teachernet_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teachernet-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every state school must offer a curriculum which is balanced and broadly based and which promotes the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils at the school and of society, and prepares pupils at the school for the opportunities, responsibilities and experiences of later life.<sup id="cite_ref-key_stages_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-key_stages-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For each of the statutory curriculum subjects, the <a href="Secretary_of_State_for_Education" title="Secretary of State for Education">Secretary of State for Education</a> is required to set out a Programme of Study which outlines the content and matters which must be taught in those subjects at the relevant Key Stages.<sup id="cite_ref-EAct2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAct2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teachers should set high expectations for every pupil. They should plan stretching work for pupils whose attainment is significantly above the expected standard. Teachers should use appropriate assessment to set targets which are deliberately ambitious.<sup id="cite_ref-key_stages_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-key_stages-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Under the <a href="National_Curriculum_for_England" title="National Curriculum for England">National Curriculum</a>, all pupils undergo <a href="National_Curriculum_assessments" class="mw-redirect" title="National Curriculum assessments">National Curriculum assessments</a> at the end of <a href="Key_Stage_2" title="Key Stage 2">Key Stage 2</a> in <a href="Year_Six" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Six">Year 6</a> in the core subjects of <a href="English_studies" title="English studies">English</a>, <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="Science" title="Science">science</a>. Individual teacher assessments are used for foundation subjects, such as art and design, geography, history, design and technology, and computing. Pupils take <a href="General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">GCSE</a> exams at <a href="Key_Stage_4" title="Key Stage 4">Key Stage 4</a> in <a href="Year_Eleven" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Eleven">Year 11</a>, but may also choose to work towards the attainment of alternative qualifications, such as the National Vocational Qualifications and <a href="Business_and_Technology_Education_Council" title="Business and Technology Education Council">Business and Technology Education Council</a>. Pupils take GCSEs examinations in the core English literature, English language, mathematics, science, and entitlement subjects from the arts, humanities, design and technology, and languages. The core subjects <a href="English_studies" title="English studies">English</a>, <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a> and <a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a> are compulsory for all pupils aged 5 to 16. A range of other subjects, known as foundation subjects, are compulsory in each <a href="Key_Stage" title="Key Stage">Key Stage</a>:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Art_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Art education">Art and design</a></li>

<li><a href="Citizenship_education_(subject)" title="Citizenship education (subject)">Citizenship</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_technology" title="Design technology">Design and technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></li>

<li><a href="History" title="History">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_education" title="Language education">Foreign languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_education" title="Music education">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical education</a></li></ul>

<p>In addition to the compulsory subjects, pupils at <a href="Key_Stage_4" title="Key Stage 4">Key Stage 4</a> have a statutory entitlement to study at least one subject from the arts (comprising art and design, music, photography, dance, drama and media arts), design and technology (comprising design and technology, electronics, engineering, food preparation and nutrition), the humanities (comprising geography and history), and modern foreign languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Optional subjects include computer science, business studies, economics, astronomy, classical civilisation, film studies, geology, psychology, sociology, ancient languages, and ancient history.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Department_for_Education" title="Department for Education">Department for Education</a> has drawn up a list of preferred subjects known as the <a href="English_Baccalaureate" title="English Baccalaureate">English Baccalaureate</a> on the results in eight GCSEs including English, mathematics, the sciences (physics, chemistry, biology, computer science), history, geography, and an ancient or modern foreign language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>All schools are required to make provision for a daily act of collective worship and must teach <a href="Religious_education" title="Religious education">religious education</a> to pupils at every key stage and <a href="Relationship_and_Sex_Education" title="Relationship and Sex Education">sex and relationships education</a> to pupils in secondary education. Parents can withdraw their children for all or part of the lessons. Local councils are responsible for deciding the RE syllabus, but faith schools and academies can set their own.<sup id="cite_ref-teachernet_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teachernet-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All schools should make provision for personal, social, health and economic education (PSHE). Schools are also free to include other subjects or topics of their choice in planning and designing their own programme of education.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_years">School years</h3></div>

<p>Children are normally placed in year groups determined by the age they will attain at their birthday during the school year.<sup id="cite_ref-EducationAct20022_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EducationAct20022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases progression from one year group to another is based purely on chronological age, although it is possible in some circumstances for a student to repeat or skip a year. Repetition may be due to a lack of attendance, for example due to a long illness, and especially in Years requiring standard tests. A child significantly more advanced than their classmates may be forwarded one or more years.

</p><p>State-funded nursery education is available from the age of 3, and may be full-time or part-time, though this is not compulsory. If registered with a state school, attendance is compulsory beginning with the term following the child's fifth birthday. Children can be enrolled in the reception year in September of that school year, thus beginning school at age 4 or 4.5. Unless the student chooses to stay within the education system, compulsory school attendance ends on the last Friday in June during the academic year in which a student attains the age of 16.<sup id="cite_ref-School_attendance_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-School_attendance-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the vast majority of cases, pupils progress from primary to secondary levels at age 11; in some areas either or both of the primary and secondary levels are further subdivided. A few areas have <a href="Three-tier_education" title="Three-tier education">three-tier education</a> systems with an intermediate middle level from age 9 to 13. Years 12 and 13 are often referred to as "lower sixth form" and "upper sixth form" respectively, reflecting their distinct, voluntary nature as the <a href="GCE_Advanced_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE Advanced Level">A-level</a> years. While most secondary schools enter their pupils for A-levels, some schools offer the <a href="International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> or <a href="Cambridge_Pre-U" title="Cambridge Pre-U">Cambridge Pre-U</a> qualifications instead.

</p>

<th>Age at birthday<br>during<br>school year<sup id="cite_ref-EducationAct20022_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EducationAct20022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</th>

<th>Year

</th>

<th width="200">Curriculum stage

</th>

<th colspan="3">Types of State Schools

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>4

</td>

<td>Nursery

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Foundation_Stage" title="Foundation Stage">Foundation Stage</a>

</td>

<td colspan="3" align="center">Nursery School

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>5

</td>

<td><a href="Reception_(school)" title="Reception (school)">Reception</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="3"><a href="Infant_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant School">Infant School</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="7">Primary School

</td>

<td rowspan="5"><a href="First_School" class="mw-redirect" title="First School">First School</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>6

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Key_Stage_1" title="Key Stage 1">Key Stage 1</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>7

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>8

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="4"><a href="Key_Stage_2" title="Key Stage 2">Key Stage 2</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="4"><a href="Junior_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior School">Junior School</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>9

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>10

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="4"><a href="List_of_middle_schools_in_England" title="List of middle schools in England">Middle School</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>11

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>12

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="3"><a href="Key_Stage_3" title="Key Stage 3">Key Stage 3</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="5">Secondary School<br>or High School

</td>

<td rowspan="7">Secondary School<br>with Sixth Form

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>13

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>14

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="5"><a href="Upper_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper School">Upper School</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>15

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Key_Stage_4" title="Key Stage 4">Key Stage 4</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>16

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>17

</td>

<td><a href="Year_Twelve" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Twelve">Year 12</a><br>(Lower Sixth)

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Key_Stage_5" title="Key Stage 5">Key Stage 5</a> / <a href="Sixth_Form" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Form">Sixth Form</a>

<p><a href="GCE_Advanced_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE Advanced Level">A-level</a>, <a href="Business_and_Technology_Education_Council" title="Business and Technology Education Council">Business and Technology Education Council</a>, <a href="T_Level" title="T Level">T-level</a>, <a href="International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a>, <a href="Cambridge_Assessment_International_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Assessment International Education">Cambridge International</a>, etc.

</p>

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Sixth_Form" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Form">Sixth Form</a>/<a href="FE_College" class="mw-redirect" title="FE College">FE College</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>18

</td>

<td><a href="Year_Thirteen" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Thirteen">Year 13</a><br>(Upper Sixth)

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scotland">Scotland</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education in Scotland</a></div>

<p><a href="Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The <a href="Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> has rejected plans for <a href="Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">specialist schools</a> as of 2005.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education in Australia</a></div>

<p>When the first comprehensive schools appeared in the 1950s, the <a href="Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Australian Government</a> started to transition to comprehensive schooling which has been expanding and improving ever since. Prior to the transition into comprehensive schooling systems, primary and secondary state schools regularly measured students' academic merit based on their performance in public examinations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state of <a href="Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> was the first to replace selective school systems, then <a href="Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, and finally <a href="South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and <a href="Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Australian education system is organised through three compulsory school types. Students commence their education in Primary school, which runs for seven or eight years, starting at kindergarten through to Year 6 or 7. The next is Secondary school which runs for three or four years, from Year 7 or 8 to Year 10. Finally, Senior Secondary school which runs for two years, completing Years 11 and 12.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each school tier follows a comprehensive curriculum that is categorised into sequences for each Year-level. The Year-level follows specific sequence content and achievement for each subject, which can be interrelated through cross-curricula.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order for students to complete and graduate each tier-level of schooling, they need to complete the subject sequences of content and achievement. Once students have completed Year 12, they may choose to enter into <a href="Tertiary_education_in_Australia" title="Tertiary education in Australia">Tertiary education</a>. The two-tier Tertiary education system in Australia includes both <a href="Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> (i.e.: university, college, other institutions) and <a href="Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education</a> and training (VET). Higher education works off of the <a href="Australian_Qualifications_Framework" title="Australian Qualifications Framework">Australian Qualifications Framework</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prepares Australians for an academic route that may take them into the theoretical and philosophical lenses of their career options.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Magnet_school#Enrollment_and_curriculum" title="Magnet school">Magnet school#Enrollment and curriculum</a> – Public schools with specialized courses or curricula</li>

<li><a href="Postcode_lottery" title="Postcode lottery">Postcode lottery</a> – Unequal provision of services by area</li>

<li><a href="Tracking_(education)" title="Tracking (education)">Tracking (education)</a> – Separation of students by ability</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenKynaston2019" class="citation book cs1">Green, Francis; <a href="David_Kynaston" title="David Kynaston">Kynaston, David</a> (2019). <i><a href="Engines_of_Privilege" title="Engines of Privilege">Engines of privilege : Britain's private school problem</a></i>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-5266-0127-8</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1108696740">1108696740</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.education-uk.org/documents/lcc1947-lsp/1947-replanning-london-schools.pdf"><i>Replanning London Schools</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London County Council (www.education-uk.org). 1947. p. 25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWest" class="citation web cs1">West, Anne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/89495/1/West__history-of-comprehensive-education.pdf">"A (short) history of comprehensive education in England"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>eprints.lse.ac.uk</i>. London School of Economics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Medway and Pat Kingwell, "A Curriculum in its place: English teaching in one school 1946–1963", <i>History of Education</i> 39, no. 6 (November 2010): 749–765.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelakesschool.com/the-lakes-school-cumbria/school-history/">"School History"</a>. <i>thelakesschool.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isleofman.com/news/view/22001023/exhibition-to-mark-70th-anniversary-of-comprehensive-education#:~:text=The%20opening%20of%20Ramsey%20Grammar,t%20widely%20introduced%20until%201965.">"Exhibition to mark 70th anniversary of comprehensive education"</a>. <i>Isle of Man.com</i>. 16 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-chts26-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chts26_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chts26_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4202774.stm">Comps – here to stay?</a>, Phil Tinline, September 2005, BBC, accessed 12 August 2008.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428133054/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20051025/ai_n15717384/">"TEN QUESTIONS | Independent, the (London) | Find Articles at BNET"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20051025/ai_n15717384">the original</a> on 28 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBerliner2013" class="citation news cs1">Berliner, Wendy (23 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2013/apr/23/schooling-system-rethink-great-debate-education-spring">"Remembering the great debate: our schooling system needs a rethink"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-teachernet-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-teachernet_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teachernet_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080223204813/http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/management/atoz/n/nationalcurriculum/">"National curriculum"</a>. <i>Teachernet</i>. Department for Children, Schools and Families. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/management/atoz/n/nationalcurriculum/">the original</a> on 23 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-key_stages-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-key_stages_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-key_stages_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-curriculum-in-england-framework-for-key-stages-1-to-4/the-national-curriculum-in-england-framework-for-key-stages-1-to-4">"National curriculum in England: framework for key stages 1 to 4"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite> <span typeof="mw:File"></span> Text was copied from this source, which is available under an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/">Open Government Licence v3.0</a>. © Crown copyright.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EAct2002-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EAct2002_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Archives2018" class="citation web cs1">National Archives (1 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/32/part/6">"Education Act 2002 Part 6"</a>. H M Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite> <span typeof="mw:File"></span> Text was copied from this source, which is available under an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/">Open Government Licence v3.0</a>. © Crown copyright.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_Digital_Service" class="citation web cs1">Government Digital Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/national-curriculum/key-stage-3-and-4">"The national curriculum: key stage 3 and 4"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/gcse-subject-content">"GCSE subject content"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EducationAct20022-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EducationAct20022_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EducationAct20022_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/32">Education Act 2002</a>, s.82.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-School_attendance-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-School_attendance_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Parents/Schoolslearninganddevelopment/YourChildsWelfareAtSchool/DG_066966">"School attendance and absence: the law"</a>. <a href="Directgov" title="Directgov">Directgov</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarcan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Barcan, Alan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190101014025/http://www.erpjournal.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/ERPV34-1_Barcan-A.-2007.-Comprehensive-secondary-schools.pdf">"Comprehensive Secondary Schools in Australia: a View from Newcastle, New South Wales"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Education Research and Perspectives, University of Newcastle, NSW</i>. <b>34</b>: <span class="nowrap">136–</span>178. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erpjournal.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/ERPV34-1_Barcan-A.-2007.-Comprehensive-secondary-schools.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2008" class="citation journal cs1">Harrington, Marylin (2008). "Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority Bill 2008". <i>Bills Digest</i>. National Curriculum: Social Policy Section: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>19. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1328-8091">1328-8091</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTechnology" class="citation web cs1">Technology, Elcom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930200146/https://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/english/australian-education/education-system">"Education system overview"</a>. <i>studyinaustralia.gov.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/english/australian-education/education-system">the original</a> on 30 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/f-10-curriculum/">"F-10 curriculum"</a>. <i>australiancurriculum.edu.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAgency" class="citation web cs1">Agency, Digital Transformation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australia.gov.au/information-and-services/education-and-training/higher-education">"Higher education | australia.gov.au"</a>. <i>australia.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Comprehensive_schools" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Comprehensive schools">Comprehensive schools</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comprehensivefuture.org.uk">Comprehensive Future – the campaign for fair admissions</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025155035/http://www.cscs.org.uk/">Centre for the Support of Comprehensive Schools </a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051123032636/http://www.casenet.org.uk/seminar.html">Comprehensive Education – Examining the Evidence</a> Report of 1999 seminar organised by CASE (the <a href="Campaign_for_State_Education" title="Campaign for State Education">Campaign for State Education</a> in the UK).</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.campaignforstateeducation.org.uk/">Campaign for State Education</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,5500,1448039,00.html">Secretary of State for Education Ruth Kelly on comprehensive education</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/comp.shtml"><i>Comp</i></a>, a <a href="BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> documentary about the creation of comprehensive schools</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2061738.stm">Discussions in 2002 about the future of comprehensives</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/aug/24/the-only-way-to-end-the-class-divide-the-case-for-abolishing-private-schools">Melissa Benn: To abolish the class divide- abolish private schools</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arasite.org/edinandsocmods.html">Educational Inequality and Sociological Models Dave Harris</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="School_types486" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="School_types486" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="School" title="School">School</a> types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">educational stage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">Pre-kindergarten</a></li>

<li><a href="Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="First_school" class="mw-redirect" title="First school">First school</a></li>

<li><a href="Infant_school" title="Infant school">Infant school</a></li>

<li><a href="Junior_school" title="Junior school">Junior school</a></li>

<li><a href="Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a> / Elementary school</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adult_high_school" title="Adult high school">Adult high school</a></li>

<li><a href="Cadet_college" title="Cadet college">Cadet college</a></li>

<li><a href="College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College-preparatory school</a></li>

<li><a href="Collegiate_institute" title="Collegiate institute">Collegiate institute</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Comprehensive_high_school" title="Comprehensive high school">Comprehensive high school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Continuation_high_school" title="Continuation high school">Continuation high school</a></li>

<li><a href="Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar school</a></li>

<li><a href="Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a></li>

<li><a href="Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths school</a></li>

<li><a href="Minor_seminary" title="Minor seminary">Minor seminary</a></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a> / High school</li>

<li><a href="Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a></li>

<li><a href="Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">Sixth form college</a></li>

<li><a href="Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio school</a></li>

<li><a href="University_technical_college" title="University technical college">University technical college</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_school" title="Upper school">Upper school</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">Technical school</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a></li>

<li><a href="College" title="College">College</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_college" title="Community college">Community college</a></li>

<li><a href="Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Graduate school</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">Institute of technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Junior_college" title="Junior college">Junior college</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">Liberal arts college</a></li>

<li><a href="Research_university" title="Research university">Research university</a></li>

<li><a href="Residential_college" title="Residential college">Residential college</a></li>

<li><a href="Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminary</a></li>

<li><a href="University" title="University">University</a>

<ul><li><a href="Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">Collegiate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Upper_division_college" title="Upper division college">Upper division college</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Combined</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="All-through_school" title="All-through school">All-through school</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a></li>

<li><a href="One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room school</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranch_school" title="Ranch school">Ranch school</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By funding / eligibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy <small>(England)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Charter_school" title="Charter school">Charter school</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_day_school" title="Community day school">Community day school</a></li>

<li><a href="For-profit_education" title="For-profit education">For-profit education</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free school <small>(England)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="Institute" title="Institute">Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_school" title="Private school">Private school</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">UK private school</a>

<ul><li><a href="Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public</a></li></ul></li>

<li>University

<ul><li><a href="Private_university" title="Private university">private</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_university" title="Public university">public</a></li>

<li><a href="International_university" title="International university">international</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a></li>

<li><a href="Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a></li>

<li><a href="Sink_school" title="Sink school">Sink school</a></li>

<li><a href="Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist school <small>(United Kingdom)</small></a></li>

<li><a href="State_school" title="State school">State or public school</a></li>

<li><a href="State-integrated_school" title="State-integrated school">State-integrated school <small>(New Zealand)</small></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style / purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alternative_school" title="Alternative school">Alternative school</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li>

<li><a href="Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="International_school" title="International school">International school</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">Magnet school</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">Single-sex education</a></li>

<li><a href="Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">Specialist school</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocal_school" title="Vocal school">Vocal school</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">Folk high school</a></li>

<li><a href="Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">Laboratory school</a></li>

<li><a href="Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori school</a></li>

<li><a href="Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf school</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Religious_school" title="Religious school">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bible_college" title="Bible college">Bible college</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian school</a></li>

<li><a href="Female_seminary" title="Female seminary">Female seminary</a></li>

<li><a href="Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a></li>

<li><a href="Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li>

<li><a href="Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">Parochial school</a></li>

<li><a href="Pesantren" title="Pesantren">Pesantren</a></li>

<li><a href="Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">Boarding school</a></li>

<li><a href="Day_school" title="Day school">Day school</a></li>

<li><a href="Distance_education" title="Distance education">Distance education</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Prison_education" title="Prison education">Prison education</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual school">Virtual school</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College preparatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Compensatory_education" title="Compensatory education">Compensatory education</a></li>

<li><a href="Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li>

<li><a href="Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li>

<li><a href="Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li>

<li><a href="Inclusive_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive education">Inclusive education</a></li>

<li><a href="Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">Remedial education</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">Ancient higher-learning institutions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li>

<li><a href="Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">Monastic school</a></li>

<li><a href="Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">Cathedral school</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></li>

<li>Historical infant schools

<ul><li><a href="History_of_infant_schools_in_Great_Britain" title="History of infant schools in Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_infant_schools_in_Ireland" title="History of infant schools in Ireland">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Spread_of_infant_schools_outside_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland">Global</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Schools imposed on<br><a href="Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">in Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_schools" title="Native schools">in New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">in South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">in the United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Informal or illegal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hedge_school" title="Hedge school">in Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Krifo_scholio" title="Krifo scholio">in Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Katakombenschule" title="Katakombenschule">in South Tyrol</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">Educational institution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ASchools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Schools_by_type" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Schools by type">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Comprehensive_school&oldid=1303800475">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>